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Annual directory of London prostitutes (1757–1795)

Harris's List of Covent Garden Ladies , published from 1757 to 1795, was an annual directory of prostitutes then working in Georgian London. A small pocketbook, it was printed and published in Covent Garden, and sold for two shillings and sixpence. A contemporary written report of 1791 estimates its circulation at about 8,000 copies annually.

Each edition contains entries describing the physical appearance and sexual specialities of about 120–190 prostitutes who worked in and effectually Covent Garden. Through their erotic prose, the list's entries review some of these women in lurid detail. While well-nigh compliment their subjects, some are critical of bad habits, and a few women are even treated as pariahs, maybe having fallen out of favour with the list'southward authors, who are never revealed.

Samuel Derrick is the human normally credited for the design of Harris's List, maybe having been inspired by the activities of a Covent Garden pimp, Jack Harris. A Grub Street hack, Derrick may have written the lists from 1757 until his death in 1769; thereafter, the annual's authors are unknown. Throughout its print run it was published pseudonymously by H. Ranger, although from the tardily 1780s it was printed by iii men: John and James Roach, and John Aitkin.

As the public's opinion began to turn against London's sex trade, and with reformers petitioning the authorities to accept activeness, those involved in the release of Harris'due south Listing were in 1795 fined and imprisoned. That year's edition was the terminal to be published. By and so, its content was cruder, lacking the originality of earlier editions. Modern writers tend to view Harris'due south List as erotica; in the words of ane writer, information technology was designed for "alone sexual enjoyment".[one]

Clarification [edit]

Introduction [edit]

Engraving of Covent Garden past Sutton Nicholls, c.  1720. The Shakespeare Tavern was in the northeast corner of the square (heart right), alongside the premises of infamous brothel-keepers like Jane Douglas.

The earliest printed editions of Harris's Listing of Covent Garden Ladies appeared after Christmas 1756. Published past "H. Ranger", the almanac was advertised on the front pages of newspapers, and sold in Covent Garden and at booksellers' stalls. Each edition comprises an attractive bag, "beautifully packaged ... in the modish style of the twelves".[two] [nb 1] They normally independent no more than 150 pages of relatively thin paper, on which are printed the details of between 120 and 190 prostitutes and so working in Covent Garden. Priced in 1788 at two shillings and sixpence (equivalent to about £16.77 in 2020), Harris's List was affordable for the middle classes but expensive for a working class man.[three] [4]

It was not the first directory of prostitutes to be circulated in London. The Wandering Whore ran for five issues between 1660 and 1661, in the early (and newly liberal) years of the Restoration. Allegedly an exposé of the capital's sexual activity trade and usually attributed to John Garfield, information technology lists streets in which prostitutes might have been establish, and the locations of brothels in areas like Fleet Lane, Long Acre and Lincoln'south Inn Fields.[5] The Wandering Whore incorporates dialogue between "Magdalena, a Crafty Whore, Julietta, an Exquisite Whore, Francion, a Lascivious Gallant, and Gusman, a Pimping Hector",[half dozen] [7] with the caveat that it was disseminated only so that police force-abiding folk might avoid such people. Another publication was A Catalogue of Jilts, Cracks & Prostitutes, Nightwalkers, Whores, She-friends, Kind Women and other of the Linnen-lifting Tribe, printed in 1691. This catalogues the physical attributes of 21 women who could be constitute most St Bartholomew-the-Great Church during Bartholomew Fair, in Smithfield. Mary Holland was obviously "tall, graceful and comely, shy of her favours", simply could be mollified "at a price of £xx". Her sister Elizabeth was less expensive, being "indifferent to Coin merely a Supper and Two Guineas will tempt her".[8]

Content [edit]

Each edition of Harris's Listing opens with a frontispiece showing a mildly erotic stock image opposite the title page, which, from the 1760s to 1780s, is followed past a lengthy commentary on prostitution. This preamble argues that the prostitute is of do good to the public, able to relieve human's natural inclination towards violence. It describes the customer as a patron supportive of a good cause: "exist your purse strings never closed; nor let the name of prostitute deter you lot from your pious resolve!"[9] Prostitutes were generally scorned past 18th-century society, and the 1789 edition's preface complains "Why should the victims of this natural propensity ... be hunted like outcasts from gild, perpetually gripped by the hand of lilliputian tyranny", continuing: "Is not the minister of country who sacrifices his state's honor to his individual interest ... more guilty than her?"[10]

Kitty Fisher by Joshua Reynolds, 1763/64. As a prominent British courtesan, Fisher is mentioned in at least one edition of Harris's List.

At a basic level, the entries in Harris'southward Listing detail each woman's age, her physical appearance (including the size of her breasts), her sexual specialities, and sometimes a clarification of her genitals. Additional information such as how long she had been agile as a prostitute, or if she sang, danced or conversed well, is also included.[11] Addresses and prices, which range from 5 shillings to five pounds, are provided.[12] [nb 2] The types of prostitute the lists nowadays vary from "low-born errant drabs",[9] to prominent courtesans like Kitty Fisher and Fanny Murray; later on editions contain only "genteel mannered prostitutes worthy of praise".[9] The charms of a Mrs Dodd, who lived at number vi Hind Court in Fleet Street, were listed in 1788 as "reared on ii pillars of awe-inspiring alabaster", continuing: "the symmetry of its parts, its borders enriched with wavering tendrils, its ruby-red portals, and the tufted grove, that crowns the summit of the mountain, all join to invite the guest to enter."[xiv] In the same edition, a similarly lurid description precedes the latter function of Miss Davenport's entry, which concludes: "Her teeth are remarkably fine; she is tall, and so well proportioned (when you examine her whole naked figure, which she volition permit you to do, if y'all perform the Cytherean Rites like an able priest) that she might be taken for a fourth Grace, or a breathing animated Venus de Medicis ... she has a keeper (a Mr. Hannah) both kind and liberal; withal which, she has no objection to 2 supernumerary guineas."[15] Miss Clicamp, of number two York Street near Middlesex Infirmary, is described every bit "one of the finest, fattest figures as fully finished for fun and frolick as fertile fancy ever formed ... fortunate for the true lovers of fatty, should fate throw them into the possession of such full grown beauties."[16] More characteristic of Harris's Listing though, is the 1764 entry for Miss Wilmot, which tells of an amorous come across with Male monarch George III'southward brother, the Duke of York:

He gazed on her a while with optics of ship and fondness, and gave her a earth of kisses; at the close of which, in a pretended struggle, she contrived matters so artfully, that the bed-cloaths having fallen off, her naked beauties lay exposed at total length. The snowy orbs of her breast, by their frequent rising and failing, vanquish Cupid's alarm-pulsate to tempest instantly, in instance an immediate surrender should be refused. The coral-lipped rima oris of beloved seemed with kind movements to invite, nay, to provoke an attack; while her sighs, and optics half-closed, denoted that no farther resistance was intended. What followed, may be better imagined than described; just if we may credit Miss W-lm-t'due south account, she never experienced a more extensive protrusion in any amorous conflict either earlier or since.[17]

The Duke of York was just one of many famous men to have been mentioned in the lists; others included James Boswell, Ernest Augustus, Male monarch of Hanover, the clergyman William Dodd, Charles James Play tricks, George IV, William Hickey, Francis Needham, 1st Earl of Kilmorey, Robert Walpole and many others.[eighteen]

[edit]

The women's route into the sexual activity trade, as described by the lists, is ordinarily ascribed to youthful innocence, with tales of young girls leaving their homes for the promises of men, only to be abandoned one time in London. Some entries mention rape, euphemistically described as women existence "seduced against their will". Lenora Norton was apparently "seduced" in such fashion, her entry elucidating on her experience, which occurred while she was still a child.[19] The "sometime urban fable"[xx] of young girls being apprehended from the crowd past devious bawds is illustrated by William Hogarth's A Harlot's Progress,[21] simply although in reality such stories were not unheard of, women entered into prostitution for a diverseness of reasons, often mundane. Rural immigrants in search of work could sometimes find themselves at the mercy of unscrupulous employers, or manipulated into the sex trade by underhand means. Some entries in Harris's Listing illustrate how some women managed to elevator themselves out of penury. Becky LeFevre, in one case a streetwalker, used her business sense to aggregate considerable wealth, as did a Miss Marshall and Miss Becky Child, who are each mentioned in several editions.[22] Many of these women had rich keepers, and some married wealthy aristocrats; Harriet Powell married Kenneth Mackenzie, 1st Earl of Seaforth, and Elizabeth Armistead married Charles James Fox.[23]

Elements of politicisation appear in some entries. The famed prostitute Betsy Cox's 1773 listing describes how, when refused entry to a gathering of polite society at the newly opened Pantheon, she was helped by, amid others, the Duke of Fife, who drew his sword to enforce her entry.[nb iii] Some lists also comprise defences of prostitution; earlier editions claim that the trade guarded against the seduction of immature women, provided an outlet for frustrated married men, and kept other immature men from "le péche [sic] que la Nature désavoue [the sin that Nature repudiates]", or sodomy.[25] However, no such views were expressed with regard to lesbianism, which in England, unlike sexual acts betwixt men, has never been illegal. Miss Wilson of Cavendish Square thought that "a female bed-boyfriend can requite more real joys than ever she experienced with the male part of the sexual activity", and Anne and Elanor Redshawe provided a discreet service in Tavistock Street, catering for "Ladies in the Highest Keeping" and other women who preferred to keep their activities private.[26]

A common complaint regarding street prostitution was the foul language used,[27] and while generally most entries in the lists look favourably on those women who refrained from swearing, the views expressed in the 1793 edition of Harris's List tend towards equivocation. Mrs Cornish's genteel nature was, on occasion, interrupted by "a volley of pocket-size shot", and Miss Johnson'southward proclivity towards "vulgarity of expression and a coarseness of manner" apparently suffered no shortage of admirers. Mrs Russell, attractive to "a number of clients among the youth, who are addicted of beholding that mouth of the devil from whence all corruption issueth", was admired for her "vulgarity more than any matter else, she being extremely skillful at uncommon oaths".[28] Drinking, intrinsically linked with prostitution, was likewise frowned on. Mrs William'southward entry of 1773 is total of remorse, her having returned home "and then intoxicated so as not to be able to stand, to the no pocket-size entertainment of her neighbors", and Miss Jenny Kirbeard had, in 1788, a "violent zipper to drinking". Not all entries were disapproving though; Mrs Harvey would, in 1793, "frequently toss off a sparkling bumper," while remaining "a lady of peachy sensibility ... not a trivial clever in the performance of the human action of friction."[29] More generally, about entries are flattering, although some are less than gratis; the 1773 listing for Miss Berry denounces her every bit "well-nigh rotten, and her jiff cadaverous". Prostitutes may have paid money to appear in the lists, and in Denlinger'southward view such commentary may indicate a degree of annoyance on the writer'south part, the women concerned peradventure having refused to pay.[30] Some listings also imply a degree of dissatisfaction on the part of the customer; in the 1773 edition, Miss Dean exhibited "great indifference" while entertaining her customer, busying herself past cracking basics while he was "acting his joys". Others are scorned for wearing also much makeup, and some for beingness "lazy bedfellows". A popular view that prostitutes were licentious, hot-blooded and hungry for sex activity was incompatible with the knowledge that most worked for money, and the lists therefore criticise women whose demands for payment appeared a little besides mercenary.[31]

[edit]

The identity of the lists' authors is uncertain. Some editions may have been written past Samuel Derrick,[thirty] a Grub Street hack[32] born in 1724 in Dublin, who had moved to London to go an histrion. With niggling success there, he had turned instead to writing, publishing works including The dramatic censor; being remarks upon the conduct, characters, and catastrophe of our virtually celebrated plays (1752), A Voyage to the Moon (1753) (a translation of Cyrano de Bergerac's L'Autre Monde: ou les États et Empires de la Lune), and The Battle of Lora (1762).[33] Derrick, who lived with the actress Jane Lessingham, was an associate of Samuel Johnson and James Boswell.[33] The latter viewed him as "but a poor author",[34] while Johnson admitted that "if Derrick's messages had been written by i of a more established proper noun, they would have been idea very pretty letters."[35]

Hallie Rubenhold's 2005 book The Covent Garden Ladies sets out her interpretation of the story behind Harris'southward List. She claims that John Harrison—otherwise known as Jack Harris, a savvy businessman and pimp who worked at the Shakespear'southward Head Tavern in Covent Garden—was the list's originator. Built-in maybe around 1720–1730,[36] Harris manifestly had adept knowledge of prostitutes working in Covent Garden and beyond, also equally access to rented rooms and bounds for his clients' use. He kept a record of the women he pimped and the properties he had access to, possibly in the course of a pocket-sized ledger or notebook.[37] Derrick, having previously authored The Memoirs of the Shakespear'due south Head, and peradventure also its companion piece, The Memoirs of the Bedford Coffee House, was probably familiar with the Shakespear's Head. The former volume details "Jack, a waiter ... who presides over the Venereal Pleasures of this Dome", and its author likely studied Harris as he went about his business. Which of the 2 men outset thought to produce Harris'due south List is unknown, only probably for a one-off payment Harris allowed his proper name to be attached to it. With his detailed noesis of Covent Garden, and with assistance from various associates, Derrick was therefore able to write the outset edition of Harris's Listing in 1757. Equally an aspiring author and social climber he preferred not to associate himself publicly with such questionable cloth, and his name therefore does not appear on whatsoever editions.[38]

Printed and published past the pseudonymous H. Ranger, responsible for such works as Love Feasts; or the different methods of courtship in every country, throughout the known world,[i] the proceeds from the hugely successful kickoff edition enabled Derrick to repay his debts, thereby freeing himself from a spunging house.[39] His fortunes changed for the better[40] when he became chief of ceremonies at Bathroom and Tunbridge Wells in 1763.[33] His death on 28 March 1769 followed a protracted illness, only despite a meaning income, he died penniless. He left no official will, just on his deathbed he bequeathed the 1769 edition of Harris's List to Charlotte Hayes, his former friend and mistress, and a madam in her own right.[41] Hayes died in 1813.[42]

As the self-declared "Pimp General of All England", the swaggering Harris amassed a considerable fortune, just his indiscretion proved to be his undoing. Prompted by reformers, in April 1758 the authorities began to hunt downwardly and close "houses of ill fame". Covent Garden was not spared, and the Shakespear's Head Tavern was raided. Harris was caught, locked upward in the local compter, and then imprisoned in Newgate.[43] He was released in 1761 and had some interests in publishing from 1765 to 1766, printing Edward Thompson'southward The Courtesan, and later on The Fruit-Shop and Kitty'south Atlantis, merely he seems to have given this upwards belatedly in 1766.[44] He became the proprietor of the Rose Tavern, not far from the Shakespear's Head, but by the 1780s had delegated its running to an employee. The Rose was demolished most 1790, and for a few years Harris ran another tavern, the Bedford Head, with his son and daughter-in-law. He died one-time in 1792.[45] The Shakespear's Head airtight for business organization in 1804, and four years later the empty premises were badly damaged in the same burn that consumed the Covent Garden Theatre. What remained was subsumed past the neighbouring Bedford Coffee House.[46]

Later on years [edit]

Johann Wilhelm von Archenholz claimed in 1791 that the lists were published by "a tavern-keeper, in Drury lane", and that "eight thousand copies are sold annually."[47] At that place is nothing to suggest that Hayes had any interest with any edition other than that of 1769, and the list'south authors following Derrick'due south death have not been identified. From the 1770s Harris'southward List changes focus, moving away from the women of Covent Garden, to their stories. Its prose becomes more genteel, lacking the euphemisms which had helped brand information technology so popular. These changes are echoed by the front embrace, whose frontispiece becomes more gentrified. Material from earlier editions is recycled, and piffling attention is paid to accuracy. The responsibility for some of these changes can be attributed to John and James Roach, and John Aitkin, who from the late 1780s were the lists' publishers.[48]

In 1795 the Proclamation Society, created several years earlier to help enforce Rex George Three'south declaration against "loose and licentious Prints, Books, and Publications, dispersing Toxicant to the minds of the Young and Unwary", and "to Punish the Publishers and Vendors thereof", brought Roach upwards on libel charges. In court he highlighted the list's longevity, and claimed that "nobody had ever been prosecuted for publishing it; and, therefore, he was ignorant it was a libel." When Lord Primary Justice Kenyon mentioned that a John Roach had previously been convicted for selling Harris'south List, Roach "assured his Lordship, that he had never been indicted earlier for this offence."[49] He was nevertheless sentenced to one year in Newgate Prison, with sureties of £150 for iii years, to ensure his practiced behaviour. Lord Justice Ashurst chosen the Listing "a well-nigh indecent and immoral publication", and of Roach's crime said "an offence of greater enormity could hardly be committed."[50] Aitkin, indicted as John Aitken, may have been fined £200 for selling the aforementioned edition,[12] although Rubenhold contends that by so he had died.[51] After these trials, the listing was no longer published. But nine editions are extant: those for 1761, 1764, 1773, 1774, 1779, 1788, 1789, 1790 and 1793.[52]

Modern view [edit]

Indecency past Isaac Cruikshank, 1799. The print reflects contemporary public concern over the behaviour of prostitutes.

Harris's List was published for a city rife with prostitution. London's bawdy houses had, past the 1770s, disappeared from the poorer areas exterior the city wall, and in the West Finish were plant in four areas: St Margaret's in Westminster; St Anne'due south in Soho and St James'south; and near especially, with more than two-thirds of London's "Hell-raising Houses", around Covent Garden and the Strand.[53] The area was noted for its "not bad numbers of female votaries to Venus of all ranks and conditions", while another author distinguished Covent Garden every bit "the main scene of action for promiscuous amours."[54] The Scottish statistician Patrick Colquhoun estimated in 1806 that of Greater London's approximately 1,000,000 citizens,[55] perhaps 50,000 women, across all walks of life, were engaged in some form of prostitution.[56]

Whether whatsoever of these women could confirm their addresses for publication in Harris's List is something that writer Sophie Carter doubts. She views the annual equally "primarily a work of erotica", calling it "goose egg so much as a shopping listing ... textually arrayed for the delectation of the male person consumer", standing "they [the women] look his intervention to found an exchange",[57] epitomising the traditional male person role in pornography. Elizabeth Denlinger includes a similar sentiment in her essay, "The Garment and the Man": "This varied display of women to satisfy the 'corking itch' ... is a fundamental aspect of the sphere to which Harris'due south List offered British men a carte du jour d'entrée".[58] Rubenhold writes that the variability in the descriptions of prostitutes over the years the list was published defy "all attempts to categorise it every bit either exclusively up-market or only middle of the road."[59] She suggests that the annual's purpose was to "bear the desirous to the cover of a prostitute",[9] and that its prose was designed for "solitary sexual enjoyment"[ane] (H. Ranger also sold back-problems of Harris'south List). Sold to a London public which was mostly patriarchal, its listings reflect the prejudices of the men who authored them. They were therefore not representative of women by and large, and every bit she concludes, "it is likely that their stories would have differed quite significantly from those recounted by their customers for the benefit of the List'due south publishers."[60]

Not every commentator agreed with Colquhoun's judge, which became "the most widely quoted sum",[61] but in the opinion of Cindy McCreery the fact that most people agreed there were far too many prostitutes in London is indicative of widespread business near the merchandise.[62] Attitudes towards prostitution hardened at the end of the 18th century, with many viewing prostitutes every bit indecent and immoral,[63] and it was in this temper that Harris'due south List met its demise. Books such as the Wandering Whore and Edmund Curll's Venus in the Cloyster (1728) are often mentioned alongside Harris'southward as examples of erotic literature. Along with the anonymously written Fifteen Plagues of a Maidenhead (1707), Garfield and Curll'southward works were involved in cases that helped course the 18th-century legal concept of "obscene libel"—which was a marked change from the previous accent on controlling sedition, blasphemy and heresy, traditionally the ecclesiastical courts' province.[64] No laws existed to prevent the publication of pornography; therefore, when Curll was arrested and imprisoned in 1725 (the kickoff such prosecution in nearly twenty years), it was nether threat of a libel charge. He was released a few months afterwards, only to be locked upwardly again for publishing other materials accounted offensive by the government.[65] Curll's feel with the censors was uncommon, though, and prosecutions based on obscene publications remained a rarity. Although their courtroom action spelled the finish for Harris's Listing, despite the all-time efforts of the Proclamation Society (afterwards the Order for the Suppression of Vice), the publication of pornography continued chop-chop; more than pornographic material was published during the Victorian era than at any time previously.[nb 4] [67]

References [edit]

Notes

  1. ^ Past this the author ways duodecimo-sized pages.
  2. ^ Many of London's prostitutes fetched customers back to the brothels they worked from, although most retired to lodgings, sometimes taking their clients there.[13]
  3. ^ This incident is as well mentioned in Horace Bleackley's Ladies fair and delicate: "Betsy Cox, a strapping young woman with a fine contralto voice, who was addicted of actualization at the masquerades in male attire, had leapt into notoriety during the week that the Pantheon was opened past dancing in the cotillon, notwithstanding the interdict of the Master of Ceremonies."[24]
  4. ^ The Obscene Publications Act 1857 was the beginning piece of legislation specifically enacted to suppress the auction of such material, although this is no longer in force, having been amended by more recent legislation.[66]

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b c Rubenhold 2005, p. 119
  2. ^ Raven 1992, p. 52
  3. ^ Denlinger 2002, pp. 358, 370–372
  4. ^ Carter 2004, p. 54
  5. ^ Fraser 1984, pp. 413–414
  6. ^ Friedman 1993, p. 192
  7. ^ Denlinger 2002, p. 369
  8. ^ Linnane 2007, p. 84
  9. ^ a b c d Rubenhold 2005, p. 120
  10. ^ Denlinger 2002, pp. 375–376
  11. ^ Trumbach 1998, pp. 183–184
  12. ^ a b Thomas 1969, p. 120
  13. ^ Denlinger 2002, p. 362
  14. ^ Denlinger 2002, p. 378
  15. ^ Denlinger 2002, p. 379
  16. ^ Denlinger 2002, p. 359
  17. ^ Denlinger 2002, p. 373
  18. ^ Rubenhold 2005, pp. 299–301
  19. ^ Rubenhold 2005, p. 292
  20. ^ Rubenhold 2005, p. 126
  21. ^ McCreery 2004, p. 77
  22. ^ Rubenhold, 2005 pp 315-xvi
  23. ^ Rubenhold 2005, pp. 285–287
  24. ^ Bleackley 1909, p. 209
  25. ^ Denlinger 2002, p. 376
  26. ^ Arnold 2010, p. 147
  27. ^ Denlinger 2002, p. 385
  28. ^ Denlinger 2002, pp. 391–392
  29. ^ Denlinger 2002, pp. 388–389
  30. ^ a b Denlinger 2002, p. 371
  31. ^ Rubenhold 2005, pp. 295–296
  32. ^ Rubenhold 2005, pp. 75–76
  33. ^ a b c "Derrick, Samuel (1724–1769)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford Academy Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/7536. (Subscription or United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland public library membership required.)
  34. ^ Boswell 1799, p. 527
  35. ^ Boswell 1799, p. 528
  36. ^ Rubenhold 2005, p. 262
  37. ^ Rubenhold 2005, pp. 52–72
  38. ^ Rubenhold 2005, pp. 102–117
  39. ^ Rubenhold 2005, p. 117
  40. ^ Rubenhold 2005, pp. 223–230
  41. ^ Rubenhold 2005, pp. 236–240
  42. ^ Rubenhold 2005, p. 277
  43. ^ Rubenhold 2005, pp. 178–186
  44. ^ Rubenhold 2005, p. 205
  45. ^ Rubenhold 2005, pp. 260–267
  46. ^ "The Piazza: Nos. xiii-19 (consec.) Great Piazza with No. thirteen Russell Street", Survey of London: volume 36: Covent Garden, british-history.ac.uk, pp. 89–91, 1970, retrieved 27 May 2011
  47. ^ Archenholz 1791, p. 197
  48. ^ Rubenhold 2005, pp. 277–280
  49. ^ Law Report. Court of Male monarch's Bench, nine Feb.., Attornies., The King V. Roach for a Libel., The Times, hosted at infotrac.galegroup.com (subscription required), 10 Feb 1795, p. three
  50. ^ Denlinger 2002, p. 372
  51. ^ Rubenhold 2005, p. 280
  52. ^ Rubenhold 2005, p. 285
  53. ^ Trumbach 1998, pp. 120–122
  54. ^ Carter 2004, p. 16
  55. ^ "Inner London through time: Population Statistics: Total Population", A vision of United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland through time, visionofbritain.org.united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, retrieved 17 May 2010
  56. ^ Colquhoun 1806, pp. 340–341
  57. ^ Carter 2004, p. 55
  58. ^ Denlinger 2002, p. 360
  59. ^ Rubenhold 2005, p. 121
  60. ^ Rubenhold 2005, p. 295
  61. ^ Henderson 1999, p. 178
  62. ^ McCreery 2004, p. 41
  63. ^ McCreery 2004, p. 70
  64. ^ Sova 2006, pp. 70–71
  65. ^ "Curll, Edmund (d. 1747)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:ten.1093/ref:odnb/6948. (Subscription or Great britain public library membership required.)
  66. ^ Feather 2005, pp. 127–129
  67. ^ Harvey 2004, pp. 37–38

Bibliography

  • Archenholz, Johann Wilhelm (1791), A pic of England, Dublin: P. Byrne, OL 7023784M
  • Arnold, Catharine (2010), City of Sin, London: Simon & Schuster, ISBN978-i-84737-351-nine
  • Bleackley, Horace (1909), Ladies off-white and frail, sketches of the demi-monde during the eighteenth century, London, New York: J. Lane, J. Lane visitor, OL 7127991M
  • Boswell, James (1799), George Birkbeck Norman Hill (ed.), Life of Johnson: Including Boswell'due south Periodical of a tour to the Hebrides and Johnson'south Diary of a journey into North Wales, New York: Bigelow, Brown & Co., Inc.
  • Carter, Sophie (2004), Purchasing power: representing prostitution in eighteenth-century English popular print culture, Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., ISBN978-0-7546-0629-one
  • Colquhoun, Patrick (1806), A Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis, London: J. Mawman, Cadell and Davies, R Faulden, Clarke and Sons, et al., OL 20612604M
  • Denlinger, Elizabeth Campbell (2002), "The Garment and the Man: Masculine Desire in "Harris's Listing of Covent-Garden Ladies," 1764–1793", Periodical of the History of Sexuality, xi (three): 357–394, doi:10.1353/sex activity.2003.0011, JSTOR 3704587, PMID 17387827, S2CID 29449091
  • Feather, John (2005), A History of British Publishing, Abingdon, Oxon and New York: Routledge, ISBN978-0-415-30226-v
  • Fraser, Antonia (1984), Weaker Vessel, London: George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Limited, ISBN978-0-297-78381-7
  • Friedman, Jerome (1993), The boxing of the frogs and Fairford's flies, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN978-0-312-10170-1
  • Harvey, Karen (2004), Reading sexual practice in the eighteenth century: bodies and gender in English language erotic culture, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN978-0-521-82235-0
  • Henderson, Tony (1999), Disorderly women in eighteenth-century London, Longman, ISBN978-0-582-26421-2
  • Linnane, Fergus (2007), London: The Wicked City, London: Robson, ISBN978-1-86105-990-one
  • McCreery, Cindy (2004), The satirical gaze, Oxford: Oxford Academy Press, ISBN978-0-19-926756-9
  • Raven, James (1992), Judging new wealth: popular publishing and responses to commerce in England, 1750–1800, Oxford: Oxford Academy Press, ISBN978-0-19-820237-0
  • Rubenhold, Hallie (2005), The Covent Garden Ladies, Stroud: Tempus Publishing Express, ISBN978-0-7524-2850-5
  • Sova, Dawn B. (2006), Literature suppressed on sexual grounds, New York: Infobase Publishing, ISBN978-0-8160-6272-0
  • Thomas, Donald (1969), A Long Fourth dimension Burning, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd
  • Trumbach, Randolph (1998), "Sex and the Gender", Heterosexuality and the tertiary gender in enlightenment London (illustrated ed.), Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, vol. ane, ISBN978-0-226-81290-eight

Further reading [edit]

  • Cruickshank, Dan (2010), The Secret History of Georgian London, London: Windmill Books, ISBN978-0-09-952796-one
  • Freeman, Janet Ing (2012), "Jack Harris and 'Honest Ranger': The Publication and Prosecution of Harris's List of Covent-Garden Ladies, 1760–95", The Library, Oxford University Press, vol. seventh ser., vol. 13, pp. 423–456
  • For a selection of entries from the lists, run into Rubenhold, Hallie (2005a), Harris'southward List of Covent Garden Ladies, Stroud: Tempus Publishing Limited, ISBN978-0-7524-3546-vi
  • For an online version of the 1786 edition see Harris' List of Covent Garden Ladies, 1786
  • For an online version of the 1787 and 1788 editions see Harris's List of Covent Garden Ladies, Wellcome Library, retrieved six February 2019
  • For an online version of the 1788 edition in evidently text come across Harris' List of Covent Garden Ladies, Gutenberg, retrieved 29 Apr 2016
  • For an online version of the 1789 edition meet Harris' List of Covent Garden Ladies, 1789
  • For an online version of the 1793 edition see Harris's List of Covent Garden Ladies Introduction to the Ex-Classics Edition, exclassics.com, 1793, retrieved seven June 2014
  • For the 1788 version mapped see Romantic London

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris%27s_List_of_Covent_Garden_Ladies

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